Lithium-ion batteries power many important parts of modern society. From laptops and phones to drones and electric vehicles, these batteries can be found in most homes and businesses. These batteries are rechargeable and are designed to store and release energy. They contain a lot of energy in a small space, and if the energy is released in an uncontrolled manner, the heat generated can start dangerous fires or explosions. These batteries aren’t going away, so it’s important to know how to use and charge them safely.
Why lithium-ion batteries catch fire
Lithium-ion batteries are capable of spontaneous ignition and subsequent explosion due to overheating. Overheating can result from an electrical short, rapid discharge, an excessive charge, physical damage, exposure to high temperatures, poor design, or manufacturing defects. Mechanical damage caused by improper handling is probably the most common cause of explosion. Recent examples of dangerous battery fires include e-bike and scooter batteries that have caught fire in New York City and a cargo ship carrying electric vehicles sustained serious damage after a fire started in one of the car batteries and quickly spread.
Warning signs of a battery problem:
- Bulging or swelling
- Overheating during use or charging
- Unusual noises (hissing, popping)
- Burning plastic or chemical smell
- Visible leakage or smoke
Safety information to reduce fire risk
Charging best practices
It’s important to follow safety best practices while charging any lithium-ion battery. This includes using only manufacturer-approved chargers and cables, avoiding overnight or unsupervised charging, charging on hard, non-flammable surfaces, and unplugging the device once it’s fully charged. The safest places to charge electric vehicles and e-bikes are outdoors away from structures and enclosures.
Proper storage
Lithium-ion batteries shouldn’t be charged or stored in extreme hot or cold conditions. Batteries should be kept out of direct sunlight and away from flammable materials. Old or damaged batteries shouldn’t be kept in drawers. If a device with a battery isn’t going to be used for an extended period, it should be charged every few months.
Device care
Don’t drop, crush, or puncture devices that contain a lithium-ion battery. Replace swollen or damaged batteries immediately. Avoid water exposure unless it’s a device intended for use in water. Don’t try and charge any battery that’s been exposed to water or appears damaged.
What to do in case of a battery fire
If a battery fire starts in your home or business, take steps to minimize damage and protect anyone in the building. If it’s safe, unplug the device and move it away from flammables. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), it’s safe to use water on battery fires, so water can be used to extinguish small fires. Evacuate and call emergency services if the fire spreads or someone is injured.
Lithium-ion batteries power much of our modern world, but they also come with real fire risks if handled carelessly. By recognizing warning signs and following safe charging and storage practices, we can greatly reduce the chance of dangerous incidents. A little awareness goes a long way toward keeping this powerful technology both useful and safe.
